In this article, we discuss the Architecture of Android in simple way.

In this article
- What is an architecture?
- Linux.
- Hardware Abstraction Layer(HAL).
- Native Libraries.
- Android Run time.
- Application Framework.
- Applications.
The Android operating system is designed with a layered architecture that ensures flexibility, reliability, and modularity. Its architecture consists of five main layers, each serving a specific purpose. Here’s an overview:
What is an Architecture?
Architecture refers to the overall design, structure, and organization of a system. It defines how different components or layers of the system interact with one another and how they collectively function to achieve the desired outcome.
Types of Android architecture:
The following are the types of Android architecture
1. Linux Kernel
- Foundation of Android:
The Android OS is built on the Linux Kernel, which acts as a hardware abstraction layer. - Responsibilities:
- Device Drivers: Provides drivers for hardware components like display, camera, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and more.
- Process Management: Manages processes and enforces resource allocation.
- Power Management: Optimizes energy consumption.
- Security: Enforces security features like SELinux for sandboxing apps.
2. Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
- Definition:
The HAL serves as an interface between the hardware and higher-level Android services. - Functionality:
- Each hardware component (e.g., camera, GPS, sensors) has a HAL module.
- Ensures that the Android Framework can interact with hardware without needing to know implementation details.
3. Android Runtime (ART)
- Core Role:
The Android Runtime (ART) provides the runtime environment for Android applications. - Key Features:
- Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation: Converts app bytecode into machine code during installation for improved performance.
- Garbage Collection: Efficiently manages memory to prevent leaks.
- Dex Files: Executes Dalvik Executable (DEX) files, optimized for minimal memory usage.
4. Native Libraries
- Definition:
A collection of C/C++ libraries used by Android applications and services. - Examples of Libraries:
- Media Libraries: Handle audio, video, and image processing (e.g., libstagefright, OpenMAX).
- Graphics Libraries: Use OpenGL ES for 2D/3D rendering.
- SQLite: Provides database support for app data storage.
- WebKit: Powers the Android WebView for rendering web content.
5. Android Framework
- Definition:
Provides APIs and core functionality to developers for building applications. - Key Components:
- Activity Manager: Manages app lifecycles and activities.
- Content Providers: Facilitates data sharing between apps.
- Resource Manager: Accesses resources like layouts, strings, and assets.
- Notification Manager: Manages notifications sent to the user.
- View System: Handles the UI elements and layouts.
6. Applications
- Topmost Layer:
This layer includes the applications installed on the device, such as messaging, email, browser, and user-downloaded apps. - Built on Framework:
Apps use the Android Framework APIs to interact with system components and provide functionality to users.
Key Advantages of Android Architecture
- Modularity: Each layer operates independently, ensuring flexibility and maintainability.
- Hardware Abstraction: Supports a wide variety of hardware devices without rewriting the OS.
- Security: Sandboxing and Linux kernel features enhance security.
- Efficiency: Optimized resource management through ART and native libraries.
The layered design of Android ensures compatibility across devices while maintaining performance, scalability, and security.